CONSTRUCTION AND COMPREHENSIVE SIMULATION MODEL ANALYSIS OF A LOW-ORBITAL SATELLITE NETWORK FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE GLOBAL INTERNET OF THINGS CONCEPT

Mikhail S. Stepanov
Moscow Technical University of Communications and Informatics, Moscow, Russia, m.s.stepanov@mtuci.ru

Jean Mayel Kisiningi
The University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, mayeljean@gmail.com

DOI: 10.36724/2664-066X-2026-12-2-36-48

SYNCHROINFO JOURNAL. Volume 12, Number 2 (2026). P. 36-48.

Abstract

The paper addresses the critical challenge of constructing and analyzing a comprehensive simulation model of a Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellation for Satellite Internet of Things (S-IoT) implementation. The research is centered on a performance comparison of two multiple access protocols: the contention-based Enhanced Spread ALOHA (E-SSA) and the reservation-based RESS-IoT. The proposed model, created in the NS-3 environment, combines complex orbital motion, satellite channel characteristics, and the Doppler effect influence at the physical layer. Simulation results demonstrate that while E-SSA provides the high throughput critical for mMTC scenarios, it is susceptible to congestion collapse under heavy network loads. In contrast, RESS-IoT exhibits exceptional stability and significant energy efficiency (up to 7x energy savings), rendering it the preferred choice for remote monitoring scenarios. These findings and quantitative estimates offer practical recommendations for deploying hybrid 5G/NTN networks in accordance with the GOST R 59026-2024 standard.

Keywords:  Satellite Internet of Things (S-IoT); Direct-to-Satellite IoT (DtS-IoT); Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite networks; multiple access protocols; Enhanced Spread ALOHA (E-SSA); RESS-IoT; energy efficiency; scalability

References

[1] GOST R 59026-2024. Information technology. Internet of things. NB-IoT wireless data transmission protocol. Main parameters. Introduced on 2024-03-01. Moscow: Standartinform, 2024. 38 p.

[2] Recommendation ITU-T Y.3207 (04/2024). Fixed, mobile, and satellite convergence – Integrated network control architecture framework for IMT-2020 networks and beyond. Geneva: ITU, 2024.

[3] A. Arcidiacono, G. Isca, G. E. Corazza, “Enhanced Spread ALOHA (E-SSA) for Massive Satellite IoT,” Sensors. 2022. Vol. 22, no. 11. P. 4214.

[4] R. Ortigueira, J.A. Fraire, A. Becerra, T. Ferrer, S. Cespedes, “RESS-IoT: A Scalable Energy-Efficient MAC Protocol for Direct-to-Satellite IoT,” IEEE Access. 2021. Vol. 9, pp. 149303-149317.

[5] J.A. Fraire, U. Umaña, S. Céspedes, “Direct-To-Satellite IoT: A Survey of the State of the Art,” IEEE Access. 2019. Vol. 7, pp. 145889-145906.

[6] O. Kodheli, E. Lagunas, N. Maturo, “Satellite Communications in the New Space Era: A Survey and Future Challenges,” IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials. 2020. Vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 70-109.

[7] GOST R 7.0.5-2008. System of standards on information, librarianship, and publishing. Bibliographic reference. General requirements and rules for compilation. Moscow: Standartinform, 2008. 20 p.

[8] A. A. Maslov, G. V. Sebekin, M. S. Stepanov, S. N. Stepanov, A. O. Shchurkov, “Model of the IoT data transmission network based on spacecraft in low circular orbits. Part 1. One-way random multiple access mode,” Information Processes. Vol. 25, No. 3, 2025, pp. 456-471.

[9] A. A. Maslov, G. V. Sebekin, M. S. Stepanov, S. N. Stepanov, A. O. Shchurkov, “Model of IoT data transmission network based on spacecraft in low circular orbits. Part 2. Random multiple access mode with packet acknowledgement,” Information Processes. Vol. 25, No. 3, 2025, pp. 472-489.

[10] A. A. Maslov, G. V. Sebekin, M. S. Stepanov, S. N. Stepanov, A. O. Shchurkov, “Model of multiservice traffic serving in the access node of a satellite communication network with dynamically changed service provision rate,” Automation and Telemechanics. 2025. No. 11, pp. 75-91.

[11] 3GPP TR 38.811 V15.4.0. Study on New Radio (NR) to support Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN). 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), 2020.

[12] I. Del Portillo, B. G. Cameron, E. F. Crawley, “A technical comparison of three low earth orbit satellite constellation systems to provide global broadband,” Acta Astronautica. 2019. Vol. 159, pp. 123-135.

[13] C. Galiotto, N. Marchetti, “System-Level Modeling and Performance Analysis of IoT over LEO Satellites,” IEEE Internet of Things Journal. 2023. Vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 3421-3435.

[14] M. De Sanctis, E. Cianca, G. Araniti, I. Bisio, R. Prasad, “Satellite Communications for the Internet of Things,” IEEE Network. 2016. Vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 22-29.

[15] L. Zhen, K. Yu, A. Bashir, Y. Liu, “Optimal Preamble Design for Massive MTC Access in LEO Satellite Networks,” IEEE Wireless Communications Letters. 2021. Vol. 10, no. 8, pp. 1766-1770.

[16] H. Li, J. Wang, X. Liu, “Mobility-Aware MAC Protocol for Low Earth Orbit Satellite Networks,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. 2022. Vol. 71, no. 7, pp. 7567-7581.

[17] A.A. Maslov, G.V. Sebekin, S.N. Stepanov, A.O. Shchurkov, A.P. Vasilyev, “Model of processes for joint maintenance of real-time multiservice traffic and elastic data traffic in a network of low-power mobile subscriber terminals based on high-throughput satellites,” T-Comm. 2024. vol. 18, no.3, pр. 41-49. DOI: 10.36724/2072-8735-2024-18-3-41-49.

[18] T. Dawood, M.S. Stepanov, “Cellular internet of things modeling: the literature review,” T-Comm. 2024. Vol. 18, No. 8. P. 68-76. DOI 10.36724/2072-8735-2024-18-8-68-76.

[19] A.A. Maslov, G.V. Sebekin, M.S. Stepanov, S.N. Stepanov, A.O. Shchurkov, A.P. Vasiliev, “Modeling of real-time traffic service processes in multiservice broadband satellite communications networks based on spacecraft at low and medium circular orbits,” T-Comm, 2025, vol. 19, no. 12, pр. 4-15. DOI: 10.36724/2072-8735-2025-19-12-4-15.6. No. 4. P. 4-11. doi: 10.36724/2409-5419-2024-16-4-4-11.